Insurance as a Tool of Risk Management Essay Sample free essay sample

Hindu doctrine gives the self-evident truth of the nature of insurance â€Å"Yat bhavathi cheapness nasyathi’ which means whatever is created will be destroyed. Hazard is hence inevitable in life. Business is a class of life. so in life and concern there are assortment of hazards. The purpose of all insurance is to protect the proprietor from a assortment of hazards which he anticipates by switching the loss suffered by a exclusive person to a professional risk- carrier in consideration for a little sum of premium. The nature of insurance depends on the nature of the hazard sought to be protected. The main assortments of an insurance contract are life. fire. Marine and in modern times new assortments have been added from clip to clip like liability insurance and 3rd party hazard. Insurance is a method of distributing over a big figure of individuals as possible fiscal loss excessively serious to be handily borne by an person. We will write a custom essay sample on Insurance as a Tool of Risk Management Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Thus it serves the societal intent. It is a societal device whereby unsure hazards of persons may be combined in a group and therefore made more certain ; little periodic part by the persons supplying a fund out of which those who suffer losingss may be reimbursed. In modern times. the occurrence of any event may be insured against a premium straight relative to the hazard involved on its occurrence. An component of uncertainness must be present in the class of the occurrence of the event insured against. in some instances. in about all non- life insurance contracts. the occurrence of the event is unsure while in life insurance the event is bound to go on nevertheless the clip is unsure. The establishment of insurance serves a two- crease intent. the immediate. short scope and proximate intent is to protect the single assured from any loss or harm to his life or belongings by administering the loss among a assortment of individuals through a media of professional risk- carriers. The far- sighted intent is to speed up economic growing of the state by mobilising financess for capital formation and helps in the constitution of a public assistance province. History OF INSURANCEThe roots of insurance might be traced to Babylonia. where bargainers were encouraged to presume the hazards of train trade through loans that were repaid ( with involvement ) merely after the goods had arrived safely- a pattern which was given legal force in the Code of Hammurabi ( c. 2100 B. C. ) With the growing of towns and trade in Europe. the mediaeval clubs undertook to protect their members from loss by fire and shipwreck. and to supply nice entombment and support in illness and poorness. By the center of the fourteenth century. as evidenced by the earliest known insurance contract. ( Genoa. 1347 ) . marine insurance was practically cosmopolitan among the nautical states of Europe. In London. Lloyd’s Coffee House ( 1688 ) was a topographic point where merchandisers. shipowners. and investment bankers met to transact concern. By the terminal of the eighteenth century. Llyod’s had progressed into one of the first modern insurance companies. In 1693. the uranologist Edmond Halley constructed the first mortality tabular array. based on the statistical Torahs of mortality and compound involvement. The tabular array corrected in the twelvemonth 17556 by Joseph Dodson. made it possible to break claims. They may besides render their services in finding the consideration of liability affecting accountants’ carelessness and for other professional carelessness instances. They may besides supply their cognition in rendering aid of fidelity insurance differences and insurance accounting differences. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: The proposed survey aims to analyse the significance of hazard. clip of beginning of hazard in an insurance contract. the different types of hazards covered by assorted types of insurance. its benefits and the function of the life insurance corporation in pull offing hazards. Nature OF INSURANCE CONTRACT1 ) Contract of insurance is non a wagering contract. It is sometimes argued that insurance is a chancing activity as there is uncertainness in both the instances and payment in both the instances is made on occurrence of some event. It is non so. there is a difference. The contract of insurance is a legal contract enforceable at jurisprudence. whereas beting contract is illegal and can non be enforced at jurisprudence. An insurance contract is a contract of extreme good religion but this component is losing in beting contract. Insurance contract has an component of insurable involvement but this is absent in a wagering contract. Insurable involvement is the involvement of such a nature that the owner would be financially insured by the happening of the event insured against. There has to be a capable affair to see in an insurance contract. Absence of insurable involvement renders the contract a nothingness. In instance of insurance contract. hazard of loss or amendss is bing whereas in instance of beting contracts. the hazard is created by both the parties. 2 ) Principle of insurance: All insurance contracts except the life insurance contract are contracts of insurance. The rule means that the insurance company undertakes to indemnify the insured against the loss suffered by the insured hazard. It means to do good the loss and to put the insured every bit far as possible in the same fiscal place in which he was before the occurrence of the insured hazard. This rule helps to maintain the premium at a low degree and helps in avoiding an anti- societal act. Meaning OF Hazard: A contract of insurance is a contract under which the insurance company undertakes to protect the insured from a specified loss it occurs. The insured is afraid of loss which is called the hazard of loss and the insurance company undertakes to indemnify him from the appreciated loss it occurs for a consideration called the premium. The insurance company calculates the premium harmonizing to the chance. nature and extent of hazard from which the insured desires to be protected. The hazard of loss is co – extensive with the value of the insurable involvement the insured has. The insurance company fixes the premium harmonizing to the nature. measure. quality and chance of the hazard desired to be covered by the policy. The finding of dimensions of hazard covered by the contract is of import to both the parties. Hazard remains the hazard till the occurrence of the eventuality. Once the eventuality happens it becomes a definite loss and against this loss the insurance company seeks to indemnify the assured. Scope OF Hazard The insurance company indemnifies the insured merely against the loss caused during the period insured. for which the direct and proximate cause is the hazard insured against. In The Wilson Son’s and Co v. Xantho the range of the hazard is described as: It is unfastened to the parties by understanding to widen or restrict the liability of the insurance company in regard of the operation of the hazard. In the absence of such an understanding: 1 ) The hazard includes a ) the loss caused. i. e. hazard brought approximately by the carelessness non merely of the insured but even by his retainers or aliens. and B ) hazard brought about wilfully or maliciously by the insured’s retainers or aliens. but 2 ) The hazard does non include a ) loss caused by the wilful misconduct of the insured or caused with the convenience whether it amounts to a offense or non. B ) loss due to ordinary wear and tear and degree Celsius ) built-in frailty of the topic affair insured as in vitamin D ) and e ) the hazard is such that it must go on and the hazard in insurances is that which may go on and non which must go on. In the instance of Vikram GreenTech Ltd v. New India Assurance Co. Ltd. where the plaintiff in error had insured his poly- houses in a flower gardening undertaking. The proposal form clearly mentioned that merely six poly houses were to be insured. The insured claimed losingss for houses 7. 8A every bit good as 8B which were non expressly mentioned in the proposal signifier. The Supreme Court opined that an insurance contract. is a species of commercial minutess and must be construed like any other contract to its ain footings and by itself. In a contract of insurance. there is demand of uberimma fides i. e. good religion on the portion of the insured. Except that. in other respects. there is no difference between a contract of insurance and any other contract. The four necessities of a contract of insurance are. ( I ) the definition of the hazard.( two ) the continuance of the hazard.( three ) the premium and.( four ) the sum of insurance. Since upon issue of insurance policy. the insurance company undertakes to indemnify the loss suffered by the insured on history of hazards covered by the insurance policy. its footings have to be purely construed to find the extent of liability of the insurance company. The enterprise of the tribunal must ever be to construe the words in which the contract is expressed by the parties. The tribunal while interpreting the footings of policy is non expected to venture into excess liberalism that may ensue in re-writing the contract or replacing the footings which were non intended by the parties. The insured can non claim anything more than what is covered by the insurance policy. The National Claim every bit good as the Supreme Court rejected the claim of the insured. TYPES OF RISKS COVERED BY INSURANCEPure RISKS: A pure hazard offers no chance of addition. It offers merely the possibility of loss. or at best the saving of position quo. Examples of pure hazard are fire. inundation. accident. decease. etc. These are the sorts of hazard which usually are the topic of insurance. Pure hazards are handled as operational and safety issues by professionals and finance forces have to turn to the hazards originating out of failure of above operational and safety steps. Such hazards can non be against public policy. Together they need to guarantee that the organisation is able to defy any hazards or failure of systems and can go on its operations without much battle. The Risk Management and Insurance Planning is required for any organisation to reexamine their hazard direction schemes and to choose for hazard transportation steps like availing insurance screen etc. Bad Hazards: besides known as entrepreneurial hazards. these offer the possibility of additio n or of loss. Trading hazards fall within this class. Generally such hazards are non insurable. Provision against the possibilities of loss with this type of hazard is normally made by commercial minutess or by specific direction determinations. such as diversifying concern activities. TYPES OF RISKS COVERED BY DIFFERENT TYPES OF INSURANCE Life Insurance: provides a pecuniary benefit to a deceased’s household or other designated donee. and may specifically supply for income to an insured person’s household. entombment. funeral and other concluding disbursals. Life insurance policies frequently allow the option of holding the returns paid to the donee either in a ball amount hard currency payment. or an rente. Marine insurance covers different types of hazard during the sea ocean trip. The insured can choose the different types of hazard. which may originate during the ocean trip and insurance company will merely liable to counterbalance the mentioned or selected hazard. The undermentioned types of hazards and hazard are by and large covered under Marine insurance 1 ) Hazards of sea: Hazards of sea agencies unknown or excess ordinary accident such as hit with sea hazard or other another ship. accident. in deficiency of pre-knowledge. sea air current. etc. which may damage the ship. The insurance company is apt to counterbalance the mentioned hazards of sea but ordinary gale. moving ridges. wear and tear and non included. 2 ) Hazards of fire: Fire hazards are related to loss or harm due to fire on history of coal. electricity. H2O used for snuff outing fire. lightening. detonation. etc. Insurance company covers harm merely if the fire occurs by chance. 3 ) Jettison: It means intentionally throwing off the lading or portion of ship into the sea to do the ship igniter. If this act is done for the safety of the ship so insurance company will counterbalance the loss but if this act is done with out any ground so insurance company will non liable to counterbalance the loss. 4 ) Simony: When a unlawful act volitionally committed by the crew is known as simony. Such as larceny. puting fire on ship. deceitful sale of lading. etc. The insurance compensate is labile to indemnify the loss against the simony hazard. 5 ) War hazard: Enemy state may damage the ship. capture t he ship during the war clip. Insurance company compensates the loss against war hazard. 6 ) Land hazard: Insurance company besides covers the land hazard and include â€Å"warehouse to warehouse† clause. It compensates the harm or loss through hazard while transporting goods from one ware house to another. Motor Insurance It is likely the most common signifier of insurance and may cover both legal liability claims against the driver and loss of or damage to the insured’s vehicle itself. Motor insurance is extended over autos. commercial vehicles. trains and dawdlers. every bit good as bikes. FIRE INSURANCE Fire: Destruction or harm to the belongings insured by its ain agitation. natural warming or self-generated burning or its undergoing any warming or drying procedure can non be treated as harm due to fire. For e. g. . pigments or chemicals in a mill undergoing heat intervention and accordingly damaged by fire is non covered. Further. combustion of belongings insured by order of any Public Authority is excluded from the range of screen. Lightening: Lightning may ensue in fire harm or other types of harm. such as a roof broken by a falling chimney struck by lightning or clefts in a edifice due to a lightning work stoppage. Both fire and other types of amendss caused by lightning are covered by the policy. Explosion/ Implosion: Explosion is defined as a sudden. violent explosion with a loud study. An detonation is caused inside a vas when the force per unit area within the vas exceeds the atmospheric force per unit area moving externally on its surface. Implosion means spliting inward or prostration. This takes topographic point when the external force per unit area exceeds the internal force per unit area. This policy. nevertheless. does non cover devastation or harm caused to the boilers ( other than domestic boilers ) . economizers or other vass in which steam is generated and machinery or setup topic to centrifugal force by its ain explosion/ implosion. These hazards can be covered in a Boiler A ; Pressure Plant Insurance Policy. which is specially designed to manage these hazards. Aircraft Damage: The loss or harm to the belongings ( by fire or otherwise ) straight caused by aircraft and other aerial devices and/ or articles dropped there from is covered. However. devastation or harm ensuing from force per unit area moving ridges caused by aircraft traveling at supersonic velocity is excluded from the range of the policy. Any loss caused by public violence. terrorist act. etc: Any loss or physical harm to the belongings insured straight caused by such activity or by the action of any lawful governments in stamp downing such perturbation or understating its effects is covered. Further the willful act of any striker or locked out worker. in connexion with a work stoppage or a lock out. or the action of any lawful authorization in stamp downing such act. ensuing in seeable physical harm by external agencies. is besides covered. Malicious act would intend an act with malicious purpose but excepting skip of any sort by any individual. ensuing in seeable physical harm to the insured belongings. whether or non the act is committed in the class of perturbation of public peace or non. Burglary. break-in. larceny or theft does non represent a malicious act for the intent of this screen. Entire or partial surcease of work or the retarding or break or surcease of any procedure or operations ; or. lasting eviction ensuing from arrogation. hijacking. requisition or devastation by order of the Government or any legitimately established authorization ; or permanent or impermanent eviction of any edifice or works or unit or machinery ensuing from the improper business by any individual of the same or bar of entree to the same. are non covered. Storm. Cyclone. Typhoon. Tempest. Hurricane. Tornado. Flood and Inundation: Storm. Cyclone. Typhoon. Tempest. Tornado and Hurricane are all assorted types of violent natural perturbations that are accompanied by boom or strong air currents or heavy rainfall. Flood or Inundation occurs when the H2O rises to an unnatural degree. Flood or flood should non merely be understood in the common sense of the footings. i. e. . inundation in river or lakes. but besides accretion of H2O due to clogged drains would be deemed to be flood. These ha zards are non thorough. Elements OF Hazard Hazard depends upon assorted elements of the event insured against in its go oning Oklahoman or subsequently. These fortunes must be disclosed by the insured and the insurance companies by and large calculate the premium with mention to these elements: In life insurance. the hazard depends upon: I ) Habits in life or manner of life.two ) Healththree ) Occupationfour ) EnvironmentV ) Position and position in life.six ) Fictional character.seven ) Heredity.eight ) Previous unwellness. andnine ) Opportunities for exposure to particular dangers.In belongings ( includes motor every bit good as fire ) insurance the hazard depends upon: I ) The nature of the belongings like movable or immoveable belongings. perishable or otherwise. two ) Character and fundamental law. three ) Area.four ) Situation and vicinity.V ) Exposure to outside dangers.six ) Inherent defect.seven ) Use and wonts of the assured.eight ) The rubric to the belongings.In Marine insurance the hazard depends upon:I ) Ocean trip and its nature.two ) The path of the ocean trip.three ) The air currents and the storms in the vicinity.four ) The danger of war. gaining control and ictus.V ) Pirates.six ) Mutiny of the crew.seven ) Rebellion of indigens and unsafe seashores. Beginning of hazard: On the portion of the insurance company the hazard commences when the insurance company accepts the proposal and the suggester deposits the first premium. In instance the insurance company gives acceptance conditionally. the original suggester has to follow with those conditions foremost so it becomes the clear credence by the insurance company. These conditions may be associating to payment of premiums or excess premiums or to follow with certain statutory demand. Mere aggregation of sum of premium does non mean that the proposal is accepted. Some formalities besides have to be completed before the payment becomes acceptable. In LIC of India v. Raja Vasireddy Komalavalli Kamba. contract of insurance was to be concluded merely when the party to whom an offer has been made has accepted it unconditionally and communicated its credence to the individual doing the offer. Silence does non ensue in a binding contract. CIRCUMSTANCES AFFECTING THE RISKThere are certain stuff facts which must be disclosed by the insured as it affects the hazard to be undertaken by the Insurance company. In instance of life insurance the age of the assured. his wellness. wonts. etc have to be considered while repairing the premium sum. The Insurance Act. 1938 in Section 45 says that. Nothing in this subdivision shall forestall the insurance company from naming for cogent evidence of age at any clip if he is entitled to make so. and no policy shall be deemed to be called in inquiry simply because the footings of the policy are adjusted on subsequent cogent evidence that the age of the life insured was falsely stated in the proposal. The wonts of life. past and present which tend to shorten life must be disclosed like usage of opium. baccy or intoxicant. Questions about past unwellness are to be treated otherwise with that of the present province of wellness. The latter are affairs of sentiment. Consultations done in ea rly childhood can non be regarded as stuff facts. Information sing the business is indispensable to understand the nature of the hazard. If it is a unsafe business like a soldier. crewman. pilot or a workingman in an ammo mill. the insurance companies charge a higher rate of premium. UTMOST Good FAITH PRINCIPLE The insurance contract is a contract ubberrima fide and hence if the assured has non disclosed all the material facts. the insurance company can avoid the contract. It is a pattern of insurance companies to infix a clause in the policies and proposal signifiers to declare that all the replies stated in the proposal organize shall organize the footing and portion of the footings of the contract in the policy. By such a declaration. the insurance company has a right to avoid the policy with a little fluctuation in revelation of material facts. This regulation was mitigated by Section 45 of the Life Insurance Act. It laid down that No policy can be challenged after two old ages from the day of the month of policy on the land that any statement made in the proposal or in any study of the medical officer or any papers is false or inaccurate unless it is material to unwrap and it was fraudulently made and the policy holder knows at the clip that it was false or he suppressed the fact which was stuff to unwrap. In Mithoolal v. Life Insurance Corporation. the respondent challenged the policy after two old ages of issue as the assured had fraudently suppressed facts. It was held that the latter was non apt. In Suresh. P. V v. Insurance Ombudsman and another MATERIAL FACTS:The ailment was filed by the suppliant as the ombudsman had rejected the claim of his asleep married woman under the Life Insurance Policy. The petitioner’s married woman took an insurance Policy for 50. 000 from Life Insurance Corporation of India. She died on history of cervical malignant neoplastic disease. Before her decease. she paid 10 quarterly premium due on her policy. On the decease of the life assured. the petitioner’ claim for the insurance sum as per the policy. was repudiated by the LIC on the land that the life assured had lied about non being admitted to any infirmary or nursing place for general check-up. observation. intervention or operation and was non enduring from any disease. The insured had undergone intervention at a infirmary for Rheumatoid Arthritis three old ages before the policy commenced. The Corporation alleged suppression of material facts. Cancer was detected merely after the policy was taken and it was the proximate caus e of decease. The Corporation under Section 45 of the Insurance Act. 1938 has to turn out that ISSUES RAISED I ) Whether there was non-disclosure is of a stuff fact? ( two ) Whether there was deceitful suppression made by the policy holder? ( three ) Whether the policy holder knew at the clip of doing the contract that the information given by the assured was false or that she has suppressed facts which it were material to unwrap? four ) Whether the renunciation of claim by Life Insurance Corporation was valid under Section 45 of the Insurance Act. 1938? Analysis The Kerala High Court referred to Mithoolal Nayak v. Life Insurance Corporation of India every bit good as Life Insurance Corporation v. Asha Goel instance. The High Court held that it is non sufficient to turn out that the statements were false. The Corporation has to turn out that the false statements made by the petitioner’s married woman were fraudulently made by her and that she must hold been cognizant at the clip of doing the statement that the same were false and there was in fact suppression of stuff fact. She was an illiterate adult female and she suppressed the fact of holding arthritic arthritis unwittingly and non fraudulently. Judgment: Finally the tribunal held that the renunciation of the claim of the suppliant was illegal and unsustainable. RISK MANAGEMENTBasic stairss in hazard direction are:a ) Identifying hazard:B ) Quantifying hazard:degree Celsius ) Recommendationsvitamin D ) Monitoring consequences.Risk direction ensures that an organisation identifies and understands the hazards to which it is exposed. Risk direction besides guarantees that the organisation creates and implements an effectual program to forestall losingss or cut down the impact if a loss occurs. A hazard direction program includes schemes and techniques for acknowledging and facing these menaces. Good hazard direction doesn’t have to be expensive or clip consuming ; it may be every bit unsophisticated as replying these three inquiries: 1. What can travel incorrect? 2. What will we make. both to forestall the injury from happening and in response to the injury or loss? 3. If something happens. how will we pay for it? Insurance is merely a portion of a entire risk- direction programme. While hazard direction and insurance are closely related. insurance entirely is non risk direction. Risk direction is far broader and includes the constructs of avoiding. forestalling. and minimising loss. In add-on. hazard direction references methods other than insurance for reassigning the fiscal effects of losingss that do happen. Risk Appraisal: Insurance requires the appraisal of hazards so that they can be recognized and priced. Risk Pricing: Insurance puts a pecuniary value on hazards. Insurance can assist reconstruct the well-being of a policy holder after a daze. Besides. if good designed. insurance can make inducements for policy holders to cut down hazardous behaviour. Risk direction provides a clear and structured attack to placing hazards. Having a cl ear apprehension of all hazards allows an organisation to step and prioritise them and take the appropriate actions to cut down losingss. BENEFITS OF RISK MANAGEMENT: Risk direction has other benefits for an organisation. including: * Salvaging resources: Time. assets. income. belongings and people are all valuable resources that can be saved if fewer claims occur. * Protecting the repute and public image of the organisation. * Preventing or cut downing legal liability and increasing the stableness of operations. * Protecting people from injury. * Protecting the environment.* Enhancing the ability to fix for assorted fortunes.* Reducing liabilities.* Assisting in clearly specifying insurance demands. An effectual hazard direction pattern does non extinguish hazards. However. holding an effectual and operational hazard direction pattern shows an insurance company that his organisation is committed to loss decrease or bar. It makes his organisation a better hazard to see. ROLE OF INSURANCE IN RISK MANAGEMENT Insurance is a valuable risk-financing tool. Few organisations have the militias or financess necessary to take on the hazard themselves and pay the entire costs following a loss. Buying insurance. nevertheless. is non risk direction. A thorough and thoughtful hazard direction program is the committedness to forestall injury. Risk direction besides addresses many hazards that are non insurable. including trade name unity. possible loss of tax-free position for voluntary groups. public good will and go oning donor support. The Courts in assorted judgements have opined that the staff of insurance companies should give prompt and effectual service to the people and efficaciously pull off the personal businesss of the life insurance companies. The instances are as follows: In the landmark instance of Life Insurance Corporation of India v. Asha Goel. the Supreme Court observed that â€Å"The Corporation has grown in size and at present it is one of the largest public sector fiscal projec ts. The policy-holders and the populace at big look frontward to motivate and efficient service from the Corporation. Therefore the governments in-charge of direction of the personal businesss of the Corporation should bear in head that its credibleness and repute depend on its prompt and efficient service. Therefore. the attack of the Corporation in the affair of renunciation of a policy true issued by it should be one of extreme attention and cautiousness. It should non be dealt with in a mechanical and everyday mode. † In the instance of Life Insurance Corporation v. Anuradha. the tribunal observed that Life Insurance Corporation is a societal public assistance establishment and it should believe of inventing a policy available in insurgence afflicted parts which would take attention of the assured and his household members in such countries. In short the Supreme Court hinted that the footings and conditions of the insurance policies in the insurgence affected countries should be suited in conformity with the demands of the people in such countries. In United India Assurance Co. Ltd v. Hasan Sultan Nadaf. the National Commission did non O.K. the pattern of the insurance companies to do feeble alibis in order to get the better of the echt claim of the insured. In this instance the claim of the insured was rejected on the land that the proprietor of the shed of the mill had no insurable involvement in it. This pattern was held to be indefensible and a square alibi to improperly reject the claim. The policy should hold been issued after inspecting the shed and if the factum of insurable involvement was non verified so it meant that the insurance company was foolhardy. flagitious and behaved in a manner that was damaging to the involvement of the consumer. Decision Hazard is a load non merely to the person but to the society every bit good. There exists several techniques for managing of hazard of which insurance is the most practical method for managing hazards. Insurance nevertheless does non ever to the full counterbalance the insured for losingss suffered. This may be the consequence of restriction of the liability accepted by the insurance company. hapless direction of case by the insured leading to breach in screen or uninsurable losingss. Insurance therefore reduces the frights of future hazard to the person insured and by capital formation it helps the growing of the industry. accelerates production. lubricates the machinery of production and distribution and improves the economic system of the state. It mobilizes the resources. accelerates and stabilizes growing and helps in the constitution of a public assistance province. After opening up of the insurance sector. Insurance Regulatory and Development Corporation. has monitored the ope rations of the insurance companies. It tries to protect the involvements of the consumers and helps in the fiscal soundness of the insurance industry. The insurance sector plays a critical function in the procedure of economic development of any state. It acts as mobiliser of nest eggs. as fiscal intermediary. as booster of investing activities. as stabilizer of fiscal markets and as a hazard director. Insurance services lead to efficient and productive allotment of capital resources. facilitate growing of trade and commercialism. replacement for authoritiess societal security programmes. and assist persons and houses in efficient direction of hazards. Post 9/11 onslaught the CEO’s of major companies in the universe have realized the demand for equal insurance in all perceptible countries impacting their company. It can be safely be assumed that the insurance market has enormously improved after globalisation. It will surely increase insurance incursion and all professionals every bit good as populace at big should work the chances offered by this sector. Bibliography * Murthy A ; Dr Sharma. â€Å"Modern Law of Insurance† . 4th edition. Lexis Nexis Wadhwa Nagpur. ( 2009 ) * Srinivasan M N. Principles of Insurance Law. Wadhwa A ; Company Nagpur. ( 2006 ) * Verma. Upadhyay. Srivastava. â€Å"Risk Management in Banking and Insurance† Deep and Deep Publications. ( 2007 ) * Ratanlal and Dhirajlal. ( 2004 ) â€Å"Law of Insurance† Lexis Nexis: Butterworths. Wadhwa. Nagpur. WEB RESOURCES hypertext transfer protocol: //www. manupatra. com/hypertext transfer protocol: //www. indiankanoon. org/doc/559952/hypertext transfer protocol: //www. ibc. ca/en/Business_insurance/risk_management/

What the Hell Is It all About Essay Example

What the Hell Is It all About Essay Example What the Hell Is It all About Essay What the Hell Is It all About Essay What the Hell Does it all Mean? Humans differ from any other species on the earth. Our superior brain gives us a tremendous reasoning capacity that probes the depths of human existence. This intellect is closely intertwined with our spirituality, our immaterial part that seeks answers from something beyond ourselves. Throughout the history of human existence, God worked to reveal himself to and develop a relationship with his people, the pinnacle of his creation. The Old Testament chronicles the story of Gods people, the Israelites. God chose these people to reveal himself to all nations. The Bible chronicles this story as well as writings that came out of this time period. A section of these writings is known as Wisdom Literature from which comes the book of Ecclesiastes. Many have debated the value of including Ecclesiastes in the canon because of its apparent godlessness. Nonetheless, after evaluating the book, Peter Kreeft in his book Three Philosophies of Life, calls Ecclesiastes the great of all books of philosophy (15). The content, logic, and personality of Ecclesiastes verifies this claim. First of all we need to define philosophy. Often, Just the word conjures up mages of old, robed men stroking their flowing white beards and contemplating deep questions. We also may think of universities where professors and students hold seminars and debates. Most nonintellectuals probably cringe at the mention of the word because of these very images. Even the various dictionaries strongly associate philosophy with the academic world. The New Oxford American Dictionary defines philosophy as the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, esp. hen considered as an academic discipline. The etymology also onnotes philosophy as a lofty intellectual term; the word originates from the Greek word philosophia which means the love of wisdom. One definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, however, reveals a deeper, more personal meaning of philosophy by defining it as the most basic beliefs, concepts, and attitudes of an individual or group. Whether we realize it or not, we all live out of our individual philosophy. Our beliefs shape our decisions, goals, and perceptions. Thus, philosophy is not Just for the intellectual. It also involves the common man because t some point everybody needs to answer lifes ultimate question of meaning. Of course, philosophy is also an academic discipline, and we need to reckon with this when dubbing Ecclesiastes as the greatest philosophy book ever written. Critics often dismiss Ecclesiastes as the senile ramblings of an old man, presumably King Solomon. The author does not use a strict form to present his ideas, a highly-valued discipline in the formal study of philosophy. Because of this, he often seems to ramble and at times even changes his mind. Instead of presenting his thoughts with lean, objective methodology, he involves much emotion. All these objections contain some legitimate points, yet we need to consider the basic qualities for great philosophy. Is the greatness and brilliance of a philosophy essentially measured by the form in which it is presented? Is the clean and articulate method of logic really the best? However necessary and good, the emphasis on form in modern philosophy has shifted our focus away from the actual content of the question. Perhaps this overemphasis on torm came as a way ot avoiding the reality ot the burning question that demands an answerthe question of meaning. Without orthodox form or tact, Solomon faces this ultimate question of human existence with gut-wrenching honesty. This is philosophy that reckons with reality. This is great philosophy. Ecclesiastes presents the world and our human existence as essentially meaningless. As the earth spins and revolves in the midst of a vast, swirling cosmos for who knows how many years, we are born. Throughout out our several decades of existence, we experience some pleasure and enjoy life at times, but typically we feel more pain than enjoyment. Even our enjoyment eventually becomes toilsome. Everything that we see tends toward a state of disorder. We desire the pleasure of life and resist the pain, but after several brief years, the law of entropy wreaks havoc on our physical bodies and we die. Why? What is the point? The hopelessness of this situation demands an honest answer. Solomon presents his argument for meaninglessness in a very logical form, contrary to the claims of many critics. The form is less explicit than most and very different than the rigid form developed by the Greeks and used by modern philosophers. The author writes disjointedly at times, but this very isjointedness in form brilliantly presents his argument for the meaninglessness of life. As Kreeft said, The books rambling is deliberate, for this form perfectly expresses its content, its message: that life rambles to nowhere. Its form is one with its content: the test of great poetry (24). We often credit the Greeks for developing the form of proper argumentation. Although Solomon existed long before the Greeks, he used the same basic form to develop his devastating, yet perfectly logical conclusion about the ultimate meaninglessness of life. At the core of all logic ies a syllogism that makes two statements and draws a conclusion. Kreeft presents the following syllogism: All toil is under the sun. And all under the sun is vanity. Therefore, all toil is vanity. (35) Before making these statements about toil and vanity, Solomon experimented with each in a logical way and recorded his findings in the book (Kreeft 37). First of all he experimented with wisdom, but soon discovered that wisdom only raises more questions than what it can answer. Wisdom did not satisfy because it explained nothing. It merely affirmed that everything was in fact meaningless. Meaning cannot be found in studying meaningless things. By denying spiritual reality and reducing humans to purely physical pieces of matter, existentialism confirms this truth. Knowledge, because it stems from purely physical aspects, is no longer trustworthy. Solomon acknowledged this futility after his experiment with wisdom. After wisdom Solomon experimented with hedonism, the unabashed pursuit of pleasure. Many modern, naturalistic philosophies that deny the existence of God advocate this approach towards finding meaning. Since no eternal meaning exists, people seek mmediate pleasure. Some spend all their lives pursuing riches and fame. Others turn to drugs or sex for their thrills. Solomon recorded his experimentation with pleasure and concluded that pleasure is essentially meaningless. Pleasure always requires increased dosages, and many people die completely unsatisfied. Living for the moment simply avoids the terrifying question of death. King Solomon gained enormous power that most men and women only dream about. As monarch at the apex ot Israels reign ne controlled trade which accumulated great riches tor him and the kingdom. Because of his political status he could marry virtually any woman that he desired. Solomon had complete control over his pleasure. Kreeft states that power is broader than pleasure because it includes power over pleasure (41). Solomon experienced this complete power, but still he lamented the meaninglessness of life. After selfishly pursuing pleasure for himself in search of meaning, Solomon gave up and turned to philanthropy thinking that sharing his goods would bring his life a sense of worth. Solomon soon realized, though, that sharing his meaningless things simply spread meaninglessness to other people. Many modern celebrities and businesspeople try this method of finding purpose. By giving millions to good causes they think their lives will have meaning. The postmodern generation seek meaningful Jobs instead of merely well-paying Jobs. Though these attempts are good in many respects, they remain incomplete. By addressing the quest for meaning in a short-term sense the ultimate question remains neglected. Finally, Solomon experimented with religion. He acknowledged that God existed and that God created the world and its people. However, even this acknowledgment failed to satisfy his quest for purpose. At one point Solomon even acknowledged that God gives wealth, possessions, and honor, so that he lacks nothing of all that he desires, but in a gloomy conclusion he stated that God does not give him power to enjoy them, but a stranger enjoys them (Holy Bible. Ecc. 6. 2). Solomon came very close to the truth here, but he failed to see an accurate picture of God. Instead of seeing God as the answer to his question, he merely saw God as a impersonal force. He then concluded that living in such a state is also completely Solomons horrifying conclusion logically shows that life in itself is vain. ssentially meaningless. We live for unknown causes. Finally we simply live to survive, but nature cares nothing for this desire and snuffs out our lives after a few years. Why even struggle for survival if existence is painful anyw?ay? No rational answer exists. For some reason, however, human nature recoils in response to this bleak assessment of existence. We were meant for much more. The ultimate beauty and greatness of Ecclesiastes as compared to other philosophy books comes from its depiction of a personal struggle. All the questions of philosophy eventually need to become personal. This personalizing of the questions grounds them in reality. It is easy for philosophy to get carried away with lofty hypothesizing and argumentation without ever becoming personal. By dealing with the questions on purely academic levels, we can avoid the shocking reality of the answers. Solomons honesty with the question of meaning shows his sincere desire for an answer. Unlike many modern philosophers Solomon refused to accept the easy answers presented by much of popular philosophy. He refused to ignore the question because he knew the effects of neglecting it. Much of popular philosophy attempts to answer the problem imply by ignoring it. Problem? What problem? Psychologists inform us that we are basically good and that all we need is self-actualization to overcome our destructive behaviors and ideas. We then force ourselves to think positively and delude ourselves into thinking that life depends solely on our outlook. Finally even this fails, so we fill our lives with noise and cheap entertainment, effectively drowning out the question that requires an answer. By doing this we seek an answer before recognizing the problem, and there is nothing more meaningless than an answer without its question (Kreeft 19). Taken to its logical conclusion, a life void of meaning results in a life void of sanity. The question presented by Ecclesiastes is the greatest question that man can and should ask. Ecclesiastes accurately portrays the life of man without God. Like many popular philosophies, Ecclesiastes assumes the absence of personal God. Unlike most other godless philosophers, however, the author honestly sees the implications of accepting this meaninglessness. He sees the truth and shudders. Even though the book ends with the question of meaning seemingly unresolved, the author vividly sees his need for God. He distinctly sees God by seeing the stark outline of the darkness that the face of Jesus fills (Kreeft 51). Despite its godless content, Ecclesiastes speaks pure, unadulterated truthobJective truth that divinely reveals God in its godlessness. As Kreeft says, It is divine revelation precisely in being the absence of divine revelation (23). Holy Bible: English Standard Version. Wheaton: Crossway Bibles, 2013. Kreeft, Peter. Three Philosophies of Life. San Fransico: Ignatius, 1989. Philosophy. Merriam- Webster Online Dictionary. 2013. Merriam-Webster Online. 20 November 2008 . Philosophy. New Oxford American Dictionary. 2nd ed. 2001.

Commercial agency agreement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Commercial agency agreement - Essay Example The intended parties to the Agreement will no doubt have meetings first to discuss the terms for the appointment.' It is suggested that they reach some "Heads of Terms" first and that those are then transferred over to the Agreement. It is likely that the terms agreed by the parties and set out in the Agreement will be covered by the Commercial Agents (Council Directive) Regulations 1993 (Brown, 2006), as amended.' These Regulations deal with the rights and liabilities of parties who have entered into a commercial agency, and deal with such matters as the remuneration to be paid,' the period of notice to be given and the entitlement of the agent in some cases to compensation on the agency being terminated. The Establishment of Agreement covers activities or services that Cockatoo SA provides during the development stage of the partnership. The proposal and development agreements may be carried out by Cockatoo SA directly, or by Consultants and Contractors employed by Cockatoo SA. The Products provided includes the Children's wear provided by the company. The establishment of the agreement is based on Cockatoo SA's provisions, managing and marketing strategies of the selling of the Product. Where the Reseller at this point also intends to undertake meetings and deliberations with its consultants for the possible offer from Cockatoo SA to provide for the Customers demand as reflected on the terms necessary. In addition, the parties may have other terms to agree about this.' It is obviously unlikely that the Agent would agree to the Principal having complete freedom to sell in competition with the Agent. Clause 4 - Terms of Agreement The agreement provides for reasonable and proper costs (including costs of risks not contracted out, insured or covered through the Regulations) to be passed through to the Partnership on an emerging cost basis. If reselling constraints or other concerns mean that the Investor requires greater certainty over costs, it may be possible to offer a fixed price as proposed in the Agreement. However, it is not possible to fix some elements, such as the costs of store enhancements, and a fixed price at this stage will not mean that the costs of the Manufacturing can be fixed. The Principal will have to draw up an account in order to calculate the Commission.' It may be appropriate to add further provisions here as to how the account is to be prepared. Capitalised terms used in these guidance notes are defined in the agreement. This clause includes general provisions as to consents including the fact that Cockatoo SA retains sole discretion in relation to its directives on the Reseller. In

Intoruction to Islam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Intoruction to Islam - Essay Example The predominant language is English (even if it wasn’t always so historically) and the politics of the region are strongly democratic. People in the West won’t specify a religion because that is a personal choice and that choice for the most part is respected in law and in culture. This is where the second challenge comes in. If all Muslims for example lived in one country – like Australia for example, then they might be perceived as a strangely unique culture that lives â€Å"over there†. The problem is that one of the central tenets of Islam is that they should be respectful of other religious beliefs. This has meant that over the centuries there are Muslims in virtually every corner of the world – historically they are traders; they seek to educate and to learn from others, and now as Ernst explains they are the predominant population in more than 50 nations. That means a huge diversity of cultures and this makes it harder for us here in the West to understand the Muslims as a religion when they live â€Å"over there† and â€Å"next

20th Century Artist Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

20th Century Artist - Assignment Example During the formative years of his life, he was influenced by the events of the firs world war as well as the Second World War. His artistic works entailed paintings akin to portraits of visualized images from his surroundings such as the pictures of naked people. The artist, as mentioned, is John Caplans. The profile of the artists is available on Wikipedia. The web address which has comprehensive and detailed information on the artists is Wikipedia. This is given by the link understated below: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Coplans. Coplan was born in Britain. However, he later moved to the United States where he practiced his artistry. Like most artists his age, he was greatly influenced by the events that happened around his time of birth. Coplan later died in 2003. His date of death is recorded as August. The style o work of Coplan could be described as realistic. However, it is also evident that his work was also characterized by some form of narration. His work mainly consisted of paintings or portraits of bodies. The bodies he used in this case were of human beings. He majorly focused on creative paintings of naked human bodies. In as much as his works could have been described as being creative and real, their bore some sense of narration. In his artistic works, he attempted to offer explanations to some phenomena in the real world. In doing his artistic paintings, the primary medium that he used varied depending on the portrait he was working on. Theses materials included films and canvas against which he did in his paintings. In some aspects, his materials also included modern day materials used in art. For instance, he evidently used paint in his artistic work. The works of Coplan are vailable in many forums. They are usually played in different art forums too. For instance, they are preserved in Pasadena Art Museum where he used to work. In addition, his works are also available in the Akron Art Museum. Some of his works can also be

The Life Of Tom Cruise Film Studies Essay

The Life Of Tom Cruise Film Studies Essay Thomas Cruise Mapother IV, is better known as Tom Cruise (Syracuse, New York, July 3, 1962) is an American actor. He has starred in some of the most successful films of recovery in the last three decades as Risky Business, Top Gun, The Color of Money, Rain Man, Interview with the Vampire and the saga of Mission: Impossible. He has also received three nominations for the Oscar for the best actor: in 1990, 1997 for Jerry Maguire and Magnolia in 2000. Tom Cruise is considered one of the sex symbols of todays cinema, his love life has been exposed in the media. He was married to the three known actresses Mimi Rogers, Nicole Kidman and Katie Holmes. His relationship with Penelope Cruz also drew attention to them, especially to the membership and publicity to the Church of Scientology. These facts have been disputed in recent years affected his public image and his career advancement. Tom Cruise was born in the Heart Herz hospital, located in District Vallejo of known reputation, where were born other great personalities of the world of letters as Claude R. Erique Cruise, great writer of the French Romantic period. His father, Thomas Cruise Mapother III, was an electrical engineer and his mother, Mary Lee, was a teacher. The family lived in many cities due to the labor unrest of his father, but eventually settled in Ottawa (Canada). Tom has three sisters: Mary Lee, Marian and Cass. His studies posed a problem since going from one place to another and he had dyslexia (difficulty in reading and writing). At age 12, he became the man of the family after the divorce of his parents. Mary, his mother, left Canada and settled with her children in Kentucky. As a child, excelled at sports, Tom Cruise was thinking of becoming Player of wrestling, but the practice of the sport caused a knee injury so he thought of entering a Franciscan monastery, but in the end decided to be actor. Tom moved to California. It would then be chosen to act in the film Taps alongside another young hopeful: Sean Penn. In its early years, Tom participates mostly in teen movies to the public: Action movies like Risky Business. But very early titles added prestige to his history, like The Outsiders (Rebel) by Francis Ford Coppola, along with other future stars like Patrick Swayze and Matt Dillon, and The Color of Money by Martin Scorsese, with the illustrious Paul Newman, who for this film won the Oscar for Best Actor. Endless Love From the figure of Tom Cruise became known, but Legend and Top Gun forged his reputation as an actor and action romance stories they love their fans alike female and male audience. Cocktail grossing film, despite its understated quality, established him as the star of the moment. But in 1987, Cruise gives a small annoyance to his fans, to marry an actress older than him: Mimi Rogers. In 1988, Cruise gives a qualitative leap in his career with Rain Man, Barry Levinson film that sweeps the Oscars, to get four statuettes, including Best Picture, Best Director and Best Actor (Dustin Hoffman). Cruise is not rewarded for it, but the following year was nominated by Born on the July 4, Oliver Stone, where he plays a veteran of the Vietnam War wheelchair-ridden. Cruise does not neglect the commercial cinema, and then Days of Thunder, the world of car racing. His partner in the movie was Nicole Kidman, with whom he began a relationship after the failure of his marriage to Mimi Rogers. After he divorced from Rogers, Cruise married Nicole Kidman in a very discreet ceremony in December 1989. In the 90s, hits like A Few Good Men, The Firm and Interview with the Vampire underpin its position as leader of American cinema, at least in the top-grossing road. In 1996, Jerry Maguire takes him to another Oscar nomination, and Mission: Impossible, adaptation of a popular television series of the 60, we definitively confirmed as action movie hero. The success of recovery is such that shoot two sequels in later years. In 1999, Cruise and his wife Nicole embark on the latest project from Stanley Kubrick, Eyes Wide Shut, which suffered multiple shooting incidents. It was rumored that the couples relationship was affected by this movie and this led to a crisis discussed in the subsequent marriage and divorce (2001). The late 90s and the beginning of the new decade were successful for Tom Cruise, who surprised with a strange role in Magnolia, a film by Paul Thomas Anderson coral. Two new installments of the series Mission: Impossible (2000 and 2006) and Minority Report, Colin Farrell, Cruise re-enact the position of leadership in commercial cinema. Anyway, Cruise was allowed to do bold projects such as The Last Samurai, a film that was feared as a major commercial failure for its setting in ancient Japan and the unusual appearance (with beard) of its protagonist. Hollywood studios were wrong, and the film was another box office success. The professional status of Tom Cruise seemed unmoved, but the situation was complicated by his publicized relationship with Katie Holmes. Tom Cruise surprised everyone to elect Katie Holmes as a new partner, a relationship that culminated in a lavish wedding in a castle in Bracciano (Italy). Cruises relationship with Scientology, controversial sect was banned in countries such as Germany, and a shocking appearance on television, provoked a barrage of criticism against the actor. The company of his greatest hits, Paramount Pictures, felt that Cruise was hurting their public image (and for that its commercial future in the movies), and chose to terminate (or not renewing) his contract. In this situation, Cruise and his agent (Paula Wagner) attempted to gain positions signing an agreement with the company Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer to revive the famous United Artists, the legendary company that would launch his next film. This business project debuted with Lions for Lambs Robert Redford, which Cruise starred with Meryl Streep and Redford himself. To relocate to their profession and deal with certain prejudices about it, Tom Cruise made a parody role in the comedy Tropic Thunder. He later starred in the blockbuster Valkyrie, based on the attempt to kill Hitler. There were received mixed reviews and the film did not get the expected commercial success. In late 2009, Knight and day Cruise filming with Cameron Diaz, with locations in various tourist attractions in the world as Salzburg, Cadiz and Seville. All in all, Tom Cruise can be considered one of the most famous actors in the world. He contributed to the film industry, has shown his talent and has played in several wonderful films.

Summary of Monster by Sanyika Shakur Essay -- Sanyika Shakur Monster G

Summary of Monster by Sanyika Shakur Growing up in a world of gangs, death, and suffering Kody Scott, also known as Monster Kody, grew up in a life of struggle. From eleven years old Kody knew what he wanted a to be, a gangster. Nothing could stop him from becoming one of the most feared gang member of the late 1970?s and early 80?s except maybe his own conscience. Kody Scott goes through an evolution, from a child to Monster Kody to finally Sanyika Shakur, his Muslim name. Sanyika Shakur is a true survivor, considering everything that has taken place in his life he has managed to make something of himself from nothing. Kody Scott was born into the gang life weither he liked it or not. Born on 1963 in South Central Los Angeles Kody?s life would be affected by the growing number of gangs inevitably. Kody knew he had a choice to be made, be a gang member or be a pedestrian. He viewed pedestrians as spineless nerds who were always victims of someone?s ridicule or physical violence, who never responded to an affront of any type. He himself had a taste of pedestrian life in grade school were he was picked on and had his lunch money taken from him. ?Early on I saw and felt both sides of the game being played where I lived. It was during my time in elementary school that I chose to never be a victim again, if I could help it?(Shakur 100). Being in a gang gave Kody a feeling of security in a city of violence. ?I felt very different, older, more attached than any of...

Freedom and Slavery in “Huckleberry Finn” Essay

â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn†, by Mark Twain, is a classic American novel, considered by some to be the finest example of American literature. It follows Huck and Jim, a poor Southern white boy and a runaway slave, as they travel down the Mississippi River in a quest for freedom. Sometimes regarded as a simple children’s story, â€Å"Huckleberry Finn†, while still existing on that level, also has an abundance of symbolism and meaning that’s not immediately apparent. The novel contains ideas and observations that Twain felt were significant to the culture and the people he was writing to. The primary theme of the book (most appropriate considering the time period in which it was written) is the struggle between freedom and slavery. Huckleberry Finn experiences this struggle as the adults around him attempt to â€Å"sivilize† him and force him to conform to their ideas of appropriate behavior. Witnessing their hypocrisy, their interest in being SEEN as good respectable people over actually BEING good respectable people, Huck instinctively dismisses and rebels against their teachings. He resists being molded into something that’s pleasing to others but not himself, against becoming a slave to the person everyone else wants him to be, forever prevented from expressing who he truly is. Perhaps more literally, Jim also must struggle for freedom. A slave all his life, he becomes a runaway, forced to rely on a white boy whose attitudes and ideas have been molded all his life to view blacks as inferior. He’s struggling against society, which literally attempts to enslave him as someone whose only purpose is to serve his superiors (whites), whose life means nothing more than to serve as a piece of property. Both Jim and Huck fight for their own forms of freedom when all outside forces are trying to enslave them. Both merely want to be the masters of their own lives and persons, without external control. Not only is this concept a key theme in the novel, but in the South throughout it’s history.

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Free Online Research Papers Sudden Infant Death Syndrome is the death of a child usually between the ages of 1 month to 1 year, and appears to be healthy when laid down to go to sleep and later the child is found dead. Why are our babies dieing from this most deadly and unexplained death? What causes this? How can a mother guard their child from the risks of SIDS? In a book written by David Stokes titled Misc.Kids/SIDS states that the most frequently asked questions about SIDS are† WHY†? â€Å"What did I do wrong to cause this†? It is always thought of that if I would do something different this maybe wouldn’t have happen. SIDS is not your fault. Mothers think that if they would of breastfeed or formula feed their baby this wouldn’t have occurred. SIDS today is just as unexplained as it was better than a hundred years ago and before then too but no-one actually had a name for it. (Stokes 2003) In earlier days and even today it is still called crib death or cot death, they are both known today as sudden infant death syndrome or SIDS. (Stokes 2003) The research shows that there is no known causes of SIDS but however, there are risk factors that add to the other factors of the child’s life. Infants actually stop breathing while they sleep: Sleep apnea in infants or adults can be resuscitated. (Brooke 1999) Infants are admitted to the hospital and are put on apnea monitors, but this doesn’t prevent the unpreventable. SIDS today is just as unexplained as it was better than fifty years ago. No one knows what happens, or why it happens. Early 1900’s they called it crib death and still do today. (Bacon 1994) There are no signs. The infant can be in seemingly good health, smiling, cooing, to the point of just starting to reach for things. The infant is put to bed to sleep and the next thing you know the infant is blue and not breathing. Complete respiratory failure right into cardiac arrest, and nothing can be done to save the baby. (Nager 2005) There appears to be no suffering in most cases the death occurs without any signs or symptoms and happens very quickly, usually during sleep. (Nager 2005) The American Association of Pediatrics recommend that infants should be placed on their backs. It’s rare for a death of an infant from an aspiration of vomit to occur. (Claudius 2005) It is much more likely to die from SIDS, but not all the physicians are convinced of that. Babies have died sleeping on their sides or the back, only few exceptions of the infant on its back other than SIDS was that of reflux of the infant or a certain type of upper airway malformation such as Robin Syndrome. (Claudius 2005) According to the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development the incidence of SIDS is greatest in children younger than 6 months and increases in the colder months. (Howard 2005) and more boys than girls. Some of the potential risk factors of SIDS are as follows: Smoking, drinking, or drug use during pregnancy Poor prenatal care Prematurity or low birth weight Mothers younger than 20 Smoke exposure following birth Stomach sleeping Unsanitary conditions of house and or infants sleep environment Smoking mother that Co-sleeps with her newborn The answer to crib death, â€Å"Sudden Infant Death Syndrome† had nearly disappeared in Japan in 1975 when the first inoculations were not given to any child unless they have reached at least 24 months. (Hattersley1993) Some feebleminded people think that SIDS is caused by immunizations. Even though according to officials at the Health Dept., the baby’s first shots are given between the ages of 2 – 5 months. This is the peak time for SIDS. SIDS victims are still dieing each day with or without the immunizations, and no one know has a clue as to why or what may cause SIDS. SIDS claims the lives of approximately 3000 infants in the United States each year. Today more children die of SIDS in one year than all the children who die of cancer, heart disease, pneumonia, child abuse, AIDS, cystic fibrosis and muscular dystrophy combined. (Maindonald 2005) According to the findings from researchers of infant mortalities, a Dr. Kalokerinos in New South Wales, Australia 1967 reduced the infant deaths by nearly 50 %. (Hattersley 1993) In his research it was determined the great deal of the infant deaths was because of the deficiency in vitamins more precisely ascorbate, a liver metabolite mislabeled Vitamin C. (Hattersley 1993) When this medication was given to the pregnant mothers the mortality rates for the infants dropped dramatically. (Hattersley 1993) Other research states that there is an abnormality in the infant’s brainstem and this may cause the baby to be susceptible to challenges in their sleep environment, and size of the brain was studied as the conclusion of the tests states that out of 125 infant brains that were studied with SIDS, only 23 had an enlarged brain along with other enlarged organs such as the liver, lungs and heart. They were a little enlarged but this could be because of the lack of oxygen. (Gornall 2005) SIDS occurs in the second babies, but not all or multiple births, or if there has been SIDS in the family’s medical history. There are no signs or symptoms and SIDS is irreversible, the only thing that we can do is to watch for the risk factors. SIDS doesn’t happen to the poor, stupid or parents. It happens to parents of all economic, social, educational and racial groups. (Maindonald 2005) Some cultures do not report SIDS deaths or have no way to classify as to what did really happen. SIDS is not caused by suffocation, vomiting or chocking. SIDS is not contagious or is it hereditary and cannot be passed from generation to generation. (Maindonald 2005) Because everything about it is so mysterious about SIDS, the parents are treated as criminals. The house is taped off; articles are taken to be tested. This includes bottles, formula, pacifiers, all bedding and blankets. Once an Autopsy has been given, and determined that there was no four play through investigating the death scene is SIDS determined as the cause of death. SIDS is not the result of an untreated illness, and accident or any abuse. (Brooke 1999) SIDS is no one’s fault. If parents constantly are worrying about the possibility of SIDS and constant checking on the baby will not safeguard the baby from SIDS, It will only serve to exhaust the parents. The few months are to serve as time spent by enjoying this new little wonder in the world to love and watch grow and develop.(Gibbs2003) Just recognize the facts that when it comes to SIDS it’s no ones fault and you are not alone. A poem by David Stokes â€Å"When you lose a parent, you lose your past. When you lose a spouse, you lose your present. When you lose a child, you lose your future†. Bacon, Christopher â€Å"Repeat sudden unexpected infant deaths† Lancet, Vol.365, issue 8465: March 26, 2005, p1137 2/3p. Brooke, Hazel â€Å"Sudden Infant Death Syndrome† The American SIDS Institute Monthly Newsletter, 1999, July 1999. Claudius, Ilene A.Dr., Nager, Alan L. Dr. â€Å"The Utility of Safety counseling in a Pediatric Emergency Department.† Pediatrics, Vol.115, issue 4: April 2005, pe423-e427. Gornall, Jonathan Dr., â€Å"Where the real blame lies for the scandal of infants deaths† Times, The United Kingdom, March 30, 2005. Hattersley, Joseph G., â€Å"The Answer to Crib Death†, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, SID, Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine, Vol.8, Number 4, 1993, pp.229-245. Howard, Melanie â€Å"Are you stressed about SIDS†? Baby talk  © Time Inc. 2005 1-4. Maindonald, Clyse â€Å"Helping parents reduce the risk of SIDS Nursing Vol.35, issue 7: July 2005, p50-52,3p. Stokes, David, Gibbs, Margaret â€Å"Frequently asked questions about Sudden Infant Death Syndrome† misc.kids† SIDS Alliance Monthly Newsletter October 31, 2003 Research Papers on Sudden Infant Death SyndromePersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayCapital PunishmentArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)The Fifth HorsemanInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Effects of Illegal Immigration

Ruth Benedict & Margaret Mead Essays - Cultural Anthropologists

Ruth Benedict & Margaret Mead Essays - Cultural Anthropologists Ruth Benedict & Margaret Mead Ruth Benedict & Margaret Mead After high school, Ruth Benedict took a year off to travel overseas. Upon returning home she was unsure of what she wanted to do with her life. Years later, she married Stanley Benedict, a Biochemistry Professor at Cornell Medical School. In the fall of 1919, Ruth went back to school and began to focus more on anthropology. She studied under the famous diffusionist Franz Boas and became his assistant. Ruth taught Margaret Mead. Ruth and Margaret became good friends and developed a shared need of each other. Ruth concentrated most of her efforts on researching and studying different cultures on which many of her writings were based. She wrote of the differences between the cultures around the world and talked about different patterns related to culture and behavior. Ruth was very talented in summarizing and clearly arranging facts which were characteristic of her writings and ultimately her approach to anthropology; this, perhaps, may be the reason many of her reviews were published in professional papers and magazines throughout her career. Ruth Benedict was a very important figure in early anthropology and even more so in cultural anthropology. She was one of the first female anthropologists of her time. Her books serve as a referral of humanistic thought in the 20th century. Ruth Benedict has helped shape the discipline of anthropology not only in the United States, but also for the rest of the world. After a year at Depauw University at Greencastle, Indiana, Margaret Mead, entered Barnard College, Columbia University. It was here that she decided to make anthropology her major. She later received her B.A. degree. She also got her M.A. degree in psychology. In 1929, she received her Ph.D. Dr. Margaret Mead is a specialist in what she herself describes as conditioning of the social personalities of both sexes. She had several field trips. First, she was in the Samoan Islands and than the Manus tribe of the Admiralty Islands in the West Pacific Ocean. In 1930, Dr. Mead went to study an American Indian Tribe the identity that is hidden by the name of the Antlers in her book noting her findings and conclusions. Between 1931 and 1933, Dr. Mead went in the New Guinea area to do research on three contrasted tribes, the Arapesh, the Mundugumor, and the Tchumbuli. For three years, starting in 1936, Dr. Mead was busy on fieldwork in Bali and New Guinea. She has always found her profession so different that she has not felt the need for a hobby; she reportedly enjoys the theater and reads good poetry.

HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY QUESTION ASSIGNMENT Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY QUESTION - Assignment Example Unlike meiosis which occurs in the gamete cells. The first mitotic stage is prophase. During this stage, the observable changes include the fading of the nucleolus while the chromatin material condenses together and forms the chromosomes. A chromosome is made up of two chromatids which have identical genetic material. Another significant change is the disassembling of the microtubules of the cytoskeleton. These are responsible for cell shape and motility. After this the cell moves to the next stage. Metaphase is the second stage in mitosis, during this stage, the nuclear envelope breaks making the nucleus no longer distinct. Another notable change is the elongation of spindle fibers. These elongate from the centrosomes and attach themselves to the kinetochores. After this, all the chromosomes are aligned in one plane at the center of the cell. This is due to the tension created by the spindle fibers. In anaphase, the third stage in mitosis, the spindle fibers shorten. The chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell. In telophase, the fourth stage in mitosis, the daughter chromosomes are at the poles. The spindle fibers degenerate. Cytokinesis involves, the cleavage of a contractile ring that cleaves into the two daughter cells. After this microtubules responsible for cell shape reorganize it. Mitosis is important for growth and repair in eukaryotic organisms. The daughter cells have same number of chromosomes as their parent. It is important to note that unicellular organisms also use mitosis for reproduction. This is the type of cell division that divides the number of chromosomes by two. It occurs in gamete cells. Unlike mitosis, meiosis occurs in phase I and phase II of all the stages discussed in mitosis. The result is that the genetic material is divided by two. Prophase I: Chromosomes become visible at this time due to the condensation of the chromatin material. During the S phase, the chromatid duplicates so they are two

What is Education's Purpose Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

What is Education's Purpose - Essay Example There are two leading thoughts today about the overall purpose of education. The main goal of education is to teach the students what they need to know to go out into the world. But what is being taught in school is not coming across that way. The core subjects of Math, Science, Social Studies, and English are all needed to be taught to every student throughout the time they are in school. How a teacher goes about teaching their students the information is now what's at stake. In â€Å"School's Out† by Daniel Pink, he tells the reader that most of the classrooms have the smell of nostalgia, not of the students churning their mind. He also, shows the reader that public schools are not even up to date with the technology that is in the classrooms, making it that much harder on the teachers trying to help bring the next generations along into the world to be productive citizens of their perspective nations. As education goes on, the students, particularly those in the United States, are not keeping up with other students from foreign nations. Education's purpose is to teach the students what they need to know to go on and be successful in the world.... Daniel Pink shows the reader that even though the purpose of education is to attain knowledge and be successful in the world, maybe learning in public schools is not helping the students after all. In â€Å"School's Out†, Pink tells the reader that the children who attend public schools are being out tested by the students who are home schooled. He goes on to tell us that with the ever changing economy and the collapse of company after company, that more people are going into small business for themselves or becoming the ever growing population of the workforce that is creating its income through the use of the internet. He even goes on to state that some people, who have mainstream jobs, are telecommuting from home to their job site never actually having to leave the home to provide the income needed to run the household. He states that education may be headed the same way as the job force. â€Å"Today’s adolescents would be better off pursuing a college degree, jumpi ng directly into the job market, engaging in public service, or taking on a vocational apprenticeship.† (Pink) Pink goes on to explain the different ideals of home schooling which include: â€Å"A renaissance of apprenticeships, a flowering of teenage entrepreneurship, a greater diversity of academic courses, a boom in national service, and a backlash against the standards.† (Pink) Furthermore, he goes on to state that those students who were home schooled, free learners know how to continue their education throughout the rest of their lives. On the other hand, Maya Angelou was very proud of the day she graduated from high school. She shows the reader through a bunch of similes that she uses in the piece and she describes the graduates of her class â€Å"Like travelers with exotic